In this review, we intend to summarize the recent developments in the field of desulfurative borylation of ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS since the initial discovery. Depending on the type of starting materials, the review has been divided into six major sections: desulfurative borylation of (i) sulfides; (ii) sulfonium salts; (iii) sodium arylsulfinates, (iv) sulfoxides, (v) sulfones; and (vi) dibenzothiophenes.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressant drug most widely used in management of organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. However, in therapeutic doses CsA induces several side effects including renal and liver toxicity. CsA induced hepatotoxicity usually occurs in the first 90 post-transplant days and can limit its therapeutic use. Cumulative data showed that oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) over production and compromised antioxidant capacity play an important role in the development of hepatotoxicity in CsA treated patients. CsA induced oxidative stress decreases hepatocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and impairs the function of its related enzymes. Consequently any mechanism which removes ROS or prevents hepatic GSH depletion or induce production of GSH dependent enzymes may provide protection for hepatotoxicity in CsA-treated patient. Garlic ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS have been reported that enhance cellular antioxidant activity by radical scavenging abilities and augmentation of endogenous antioxidants via prevention of GSH depletion and increasing of GSH dependent enzymes activity and their gene expression. Based on these facts we propose the hypothesis that garlic ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS can prevent CsA hepatotoxicity. Before clinical use further investigations in animal models are needed.

Purpose: Methimazole is a drug widely used in hyperthyroidism. However, life-threatening hepatotoxicity has been associated with its clinical use. No protective agent has been found to be effective against methimazole-induced hepatotoxicity yet. Hence, the capacity of ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS to protect rat hepatocytes against cytotoxic effects of methimazole and its proposed toxic metabolite, N-methylthiourea was evaluated.Methods: Hepatocytes were prepared by the method of collagenase enzyme perfusion via portal vein. Cells were treated with different concentrations of methimazole, N-methylthiourea, and ORGANOSULFUR chemicals. Cell death, protein carbonylation, reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial depolarization were assessed as toxicity markers and the role of ORGANOSULFURs administration on them was investigated.Results: Methimazole caused a decrease in cellular glutathione content, mitochondrial membrane potential (DYm) collapse, and protein carbonylation. In addition, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation was observed. Treating hepatocytes with N-methylthiourea caused a reduction in hepatocytes glutathione reservoirs and an elevation in carbonylated proteins, but no significant ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, or mitochondrial depolarization was observed. N-acetyl cysteine, allylmercaptan, and diallyldisulfide attenuated cell death and prevented ROS formation and lipid peroxidation caused by methimazole. Furthermore, ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS diminished methimazole-induced mitochondrial damage and reduced the carbonylated proteins. In addition, these chemicals showed protective effects against cell death and protein carbonylation induced by methimazole metabolite.Conclusion: ORGANOSULFUR chemicals extend their protective effects against methimazole-induced toxicity by attenuating oxidative stress caused by this drug and preventing the adverse effects of methimazole and/or its metabolite (s) on subcellular components such as mitochondria.

The effectiveness of binary mixtures of phosphorus and sulfur COMPOUNDS as coke inhibitors for naphtha pyrolysis has been studied. As both phosphorus and sulfur COMPOUNDS proved to be promising coke inhibitors, runs were made with mixtures of these COMPOUNDS. The coke deposited was significantly lower when phosphor was used together with sulfur. Also, the effect of the addition of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 in the naphtha feed was investigated. It was found that the addition of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 reduced the coke formation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the microstructure of deposited coke and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for the surface elemental composition of coke formed on the surface of stainless steel coupons. It was found that in the presence of inhibitors, deposited coke has a porous structure and so small amounts of Ni , Cr , and Fe elements.

A study on coke deposition and coking inhibitors during naphtha pyrolysis was made in ajet stirred reactor system. This system is noted for its simple structure, easy alteration of operating parameters, small volumes of feedstock used for pyrolysis, high accuracy of coke formation measurements, and short operating cycle. It is also particularly suitable for identifying coking inhibitors over a wide range of conditions. The effect of the addition of CS2, DMS, DMDS and Disulfideoil in the naphtha feed was investigated. It was found that for a given concentration of sulfur in the feed, the asymptotic coking rate decreases in the order: Dimethyl disulfide > Disulfideoil > Dimethyl sulfide> Carbon disulfide. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the microstructure of deposited coke and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDAX) for the surface elemental composition of coke formed on the surface of stainless steel coupons. It was found that in the presence of inhibitors, deposited coke has a porous structure and small amounts of Ni, Cr, and Fe elements. Based on our results, this paper aims to provide a closer insight into the coking problem in industrial steam crackers.

In recent years, severed environmental regulations have been established for the deep desulfurization of fuel. Selective adsorption of ORGANOSULFURs is one of the most applied techniques for the desulfurization of different fuel. The most important advantage of this method is applicability this method in atmospheric pressure and temperature as a result of reducing operational cost in refineries. In this study, Raney Nickel was used as a suitable catalyst for chemical adsorption of some ORGANOSULFURs (such as mercaptan, thiophenes, sulfides, disulfides) in several gas condensates. In this research, the Raney Nickel was supplied from three different companies. The prepared alloys were initially characterized by elemental analysis, BET and XRD spectroscopy. Under the same conditions, the Raney Nickel catalysts were prepared from their original alloys by caustic elution method. In order to study physicochemical and adsorption properties of the adsorbents, the different experiments such as XRD, BET, SEM were established. The effect of sample size of the adsorbents in the sulfur adsorption process was also investigated.